Chapter+One

These are the lists from which the definition quizzes are based, so you need to know them in advance of the quiz on the chapter.
 * //DEFINITION LISTS://** For each chapter, there will be a list of vocabulary words.

//Definition Worksheet #1: Chapter 1 and Labs #1 & #2// Define the following key terms. 1. Metabolism: The sum of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by which its substances is produced, mained, and destroyed, by which energy is made. 2. Homeostasis internal balance in a cell in a constantly changing environment 3. Cell- Smallest unit that can live and reproduce on its own or as part of a multi-celled organism. It has DNA 4. Tissue-Organized array of cells and substances that are interacting in some task. 5. Organ- Structural unit of two or more tissues that interact in one or more tasks. 6. System (organ system)- organs that interact in one or more tasks. 7. Organism- individual composed of different types of cells. 8. Population (species)- groups of single-celled or multi-celled individuals of a species in a given area. 9. Community- all populations of all species in a specific area. 10. Ecosystem- A community that is interacting with its physical environment through is inputs and outputs of energy and materials. 11. Biosphere- all regions of Earth's waters, crust, and atmosphere that hold organisms. 12. Prokaryotic Cells- single-celled organism in which DNA is not contained in a nuclease. (Bacterium or archean) 13. Eukaryotic Cells- type of cells that start with a nucleus. 14. Evolution- Change in line of decent. 15. Dependent Variable- Is what the investigator measures to determine the effect of the independent variable. 16. Independent Variable- Is changed deliberately by the investigator. 17. Standardized Variable- Eliminates the effect of anything else that might influence the dependent variable. 18. Bias- what you want to believe. 19. Placebo Effect- A reaction to a placebo manifested by a lessening claimed of symptoms or the product of anticipated side effects. 20. Hypothesis- testable explanation of a natural phenomenon. 21. Theory- A supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, 22. Prefix- is the part that is placed before s root word to modify its meaning, 23. Suffix- is the word part that is placed at the end of a word to modify it meaning. 24. Word Root-is the main part of the word and containes the fundamental meaning of the words.


 * CHAPTER 1: An Introduction to the Study of Biology**
 * 1.** **What is the definition of BIOLOGY?**
 * Is the scientific study of life.**

2**. Matching: Choose the most appropriate definition for each term listed. (see pg. 4)**

1. __organ system- F__ __2.__ cell- E 3. __community-H__ __4.__ ecosystem-J 5. __molecule-G__ __6.__ organelle- C 7. __population (species) L__ __8.__ subatomic particle- I 9. __tissue- M__ __10.__ biosphere- D 11. __multi-celled organism- K__ __12.__ organ- A 13. __atom- B__

__A. one or more tissues interacting as a unit__ __B. proton, neutron, or electron__ __C. a membrane-bound compartment within a cell that carries out a specialized function (e.g. mitochondrion)__ __D. all regions of Earth’s water, crust and atmosphere that hold organisms__ __E. the smallest unit of life capable of__ __surviving and reproducing on its own__ __F. organs interacting physically, chemically or both in some task__ __G. two or more atoms bonded together__ __H. all populations of all species occupying a specified area__ __I. the smallest unit of an element__ __that retains the properties of that element__ __J. a community interacting with its__ __physical environment (biotic interacting with abiotic)__ __K. an individual composed of different types of cells__ __L. a group of individuals //of the same//__ __//species// in a particular place at a__ __particular time__ __M. a group of cells that work together to__ __carry out a particular function__

__3 What is an EMERGENT PROPERTY?__ An Emergent Property is a characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of its component parts. It is a characteristic of a system that dose not appear in any of its component parts.

__4. **Using the terms below, rewrite them in order from smallest to largest.**__

__ tissue, community, molecule, biosphere, organ system, organelle, ecosystem, atom, cell, population, subatomic particle, multi-celled organism, organ __

subatomic particle, atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, multi-celled organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

__5. **What is life?**__ __Please consult the section in BLUE ITALICS at the beginning of section 1.2 (text), and answer the following question: There is unity to all living things. All living things:__ __1.__ Reproduce, grow and develop __2.__ Respond and adapt to change __3.__ Made of cells __4.__ Obtain and use energy

__6. **Energy and Life’s Organization**__ __Please label the above diagram (from Figure 1.3, text). Why do living organisms need inputs of energy?__

Energy input mainly from sunlight, producers: plants and other self-feeding organism, nutrient cycling, consumer: animals, most fungi, many protists, bacteria.

__Living organisms can generally be divided into one of two groups:__ __A.____: use sunlight energy to construct sugars from carbon dioxide and water molecules (photosynthetic organisms)__ __B.____: these organisms cannot make their own food, so they eat producers and other organisms. //Animals// eat producers or other consumers; //Decomposers// are consumers that feed on wastes or remains of organisms.

Can **nutrients** be recycled between producers and consumers? Explain. Yes because the consumers get nutrients from eating producers.
 * Analysis of the energy flow in living systems:**

Why is the energy flow from the sun down through producers and consumers considered a ONE WAY flow? Because with each energy transfer, some energy is lost as heat.

What happens to energy that is lost in this series of energy transfers? It enters the world as heat and is lost.

What happens when you eat sugar (describe the changes that occur inside of your body)? Explain how receptors are involved, and also how the body maintains homeostasis as we put sugar into our guts.

The sugar enters our bloodstream. The added sugar binds to receptors on cells of the pancreas. This results in cells taking in sugars faster which helps your body return to homeostasis.

What is DNA, and why is it so important? DNA is the signature molecule of life. It is the basis of growth, survival, and reproduction.


 * 7.** **Life’s Diversity**

The above chart shows the 3 domains of life. Within the domain Eukarya, what are the four kingdoms of Eukarya? 1. Protists 2. Plants 3. Fungi 4. Animals Using Table 1.1, please compare life’s three domains: Domain Characteristics Examples
 * Bacteria || Single cells, no nucleus || lactobacillus ||
 * Archaea || Single cells, no nucleus || methane-producing cells ||
 * Eukarya || Single and multi-celled, has nucleus || protists, plants, fungi, animals ||


 * 8.** **Evolution by natural selection**

How can organisms be so much alike and still show tremendous diversity? Because each organisms DNA is different

What is a **mutation**? Small scale changes in DNA

Charles Darwin asserted three principles relating to the evolution of traits in organisms: 1. Natural population tends to increase in size

2. Individuals of a population differ from one another in the details of shared traits.

3. Adaptive forms of traits make their bearers more competitive, so those forms tend to become more common over generations.

What is the difference between natural and artificial selection?

Natural selection: gradual, non-random process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population.

Artificial selection:  intentional breeding for certain traits, or combination of traits

9. The Nature of Biological Inquiry

the highest incident of cancers. || of new cancers in each of the two groups. ||
 * **Observe** || People get cancer ||
 * Question || Why do people get cancer? ||
 * **Hypothesis** || **Smoking cigarettes may cause cancer** ||
 * **Prediction** || If smoking causes cancer, then individuals who smoke will get cancer more often than those who do not. ||
 * **Test** || Conduct a survey of individuals who smoke and individuals who do not smoke. Determine which group has
 * **Test** || Conduct a survey of individuals who smoke and individuals who do not smoke. Determine which group has
 * **Results** || Compile test results and draw conclusions from them. ||
 * **Repeat** || Establish indentical groups of laboratory rats. Expose one group to cigarette smoke. Compare the incidence
 * **Report** || Submit the results and the conclusions to the scientific community for review and publication. ||

Why is critical thinking so important in science? Critical thinking is important in science because it allows scientists to assess every possible angle and gather evidence before making a concrete conclusion in the content being studied.

How is the word THEORY defined in science? Theory is defined as an observation made in a study that has been tested with many different scenarios in attempt to disprove the hypothesis, and ultimately backing up what is being said in the observations.

Complete the following table using information from your text:
 * Experiments || Tests that can support or falsify a prediction ||
 * Variable || A characteristic that differs among individuals or events ||
 * Experimental group || A set of individuals that have a certain characteristic or receive a certain treatment ||
 * Control group || A group that is the same as an experimental group except for one variable; used as a standard of comparison ||

Matching exercise: match the definition in the first column with the term in the second column.

1.a test that can support or falsify a prediction: A. Scientific Experiment

2. a statement of some condition that should exist if the hypothesis is not wrong: C. Prediction

3. a testable answer to some question or observation: E. Hypothesis

4. Identical with an experimental group in all respects //except// for the one variable being studied: D. Control Group

5. A hypothesis that has not been disproven even after years of tests: F. Scientific Theory

6. a characteristic that differs among individuals or events: B. Variable

A. scientific experiment

B. variable

C. prediction

D. control group

E. hypothesis

F. scientific theory

1. The human body has the ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment. This ability is called Homeostasis a. adaptation. b. inheritance. c. metabolism. [d.] homeostasis.
 * Sample Test Questions for Chapter 1 and Labs 1-4:**

2. A boy is color-blind just like his grandfather was, even though his mother had normal vision. This situation is the result of inheritence a. adaptation. [b.] inheritance. c. metabolism. d. homeostasis.

3. The digestion of food, the production of ATP by photosynthesis and respiration, the construction of the body’s proteins, reproduction of cells, and the contraction of a muscle are all activities associated with metabolism a. adaptation. b. inheritance. [c.] metabolism. d. homeostasis.

4. The experimental group and control group are identical except for the variable being studied. a. the number of variables studied. [b.] the variable being studied c. the sample size of each group d. the number of experiments performed on each group.

5. While walking through a park in your neighborhood you notice the well maintained cobblestone pathway, many beautiful trees, several squirrels running about, a spider’s web with a huge spider, a couple playing with their dog and a nice fountain. The park would best be described as an ecosystem. a. a species b. a community c. an organism [d.] an ecosystem e. none of the above

6. A testable explanation of some natural phenomena that has not been disproven even after years of repeated tests is a theory a. control [b.] theory c. hypothesis d. prediction

7. TRUE-FALSE: A population consists of all the living organisms in a specific area. FALSE. A population is a group of single-celled or multi-celled individuals of a species in a given area.

8. Which of the following is considered a characteristic of living organisms? a. they have the ability to grow and develop with time b. they store genetic instructions in DNA molecules c. they survive by metabolism (they utilize energy) d. they reproduce [e.] all of the above are characteristics of living organisms

Use the following situation to answer questions 9-11. You are studying the effect of temperature on food spoilage and want to know at which temperature food will stay fresh the longest. You place the food in different incubators set to different temperatures and allow the food to remain undisturbed for several weeks after which time you observe the amount of spoilage.

9. In this experiment, the //incubators set at different temperatures// would be the a. dependent variable [b.] independent variable c. standardized variable

10. In order to get the best data, or the most reliable results from this experiment, which of the following would you suggest be done? a.test different foods at different levels of “ripeness”, for different lengths of time, and at different levels of humidity all at the same time. b.do the experiment only once to lessen the chance that you make an error. c.set all the incubators to the same temperature to increase the sample size. d.allow the food to stay in the incubators for only one day to lessen the chance of contamination [e.] repeat the experiment at least 3 times.

11. What type of graph would better present this data? a. line graph [b.] bar graph

12. Which of the following depend **directly** on sunlight for energy? [a.] producers b. consumers c. decomposers d. none of the above

13. TRUE or FALSE: Double blind studies (experiments) are done to eliminate the placebo effect of the people taking part in an experiment. FALSE. Single blind studies are used to eliminate placebo effect.

Use the chart from Experiment 3 to help you answer questions 14-17.

14. What is the length in micrometers of an object that measures 28.0 mm in length? a. 280. b. 0.00028 c. 0.0028 [d.] 28,000. e. 0.028

15. If an object measures 28.0 centimeters, what is the length in millimeters? [a.] 280. b. 0.00028 c. 0.0028 d. 28,000. e. 0.028

16. How many cc’s are there in 1/8 cup? a. 240 b. 120 c. 80 d. 60 [e.] 30

17. How many drops are in 1/2 teaspoon? a. 3 b. 15 c. 30 [d.] 60 e. 80

18. True or False: A combining vowel (usually the letter O) is used before suffixes that also begin with a vowel. FALSE. A combining vowel is only used before suffixes that begin with a consonant.

19. True or False: It is possible to change the meaning of a medical word by changing the suffix, but not by changing the prefix. TRUE.

20. True or False: When defining a medical word, always define the prefix first. FALSE. Always read the suffix, word root and then prefix.