Module+5+Review

** What you need to know for Module 5 Exam: **
1. What is potential energy? Potential Energy is defined as energy that is stored. This can also be seen as the capacity to do work due to an object's location or arrangemant of parts.

2. What is kinetic energy? //Kinetic energy is defined as energy of motion. It includes light, sound, and temperature.//

3. What are the first and second laws of thermodynamics? 1. energy does not appear from nowhere and does not vanish into nothing energy can not be created or destroyed 2.The concept that entropy increases spontaneously, for example if we see a decrease in entropy we can expect that some energy change occurred to make it happen.Energy tends to disperse spontaneously

4. What is chemical energy? Chemical Energy relates to the structure of molecules and the type of bonds connecting the atoms together; hydrogen bonds have less energy than covalent bonds so are easier to break.

5. Draw energy diagrams for endergonic and exergonic reactions. Explain the energy content of products and reactants in each instance. **(since you can't draw, just explain)** // Endergonic reactions are reactions in which the reactants have less free energy than the products require a net energy input to proceed. Think, "Energy IN." //

// Exergonic Reactions are reactions where the reactants have greater free energy than the products. Think Energy Out." //

6. GIve some examples of processes that are exergonic.a spark ignites cellulose and starts a fire, aerobic respiration (exhaling) converts glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide and water.

7. ATP: Which has more energy, ATP, ADP, AMP? ATP has more energy because it has three (tri) phosporous which have bonds that contain stored energy. Therefore, the more bonds, the more energy.

8. What is phosphorylation? // It is the transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule (like ATP or ADP) to another molecule. //

9 Define oxidation and reduction. Give examples. when a molecule accepts electrons from another molecule. the first molecule becomes reduced and the second molecule becomes oxidized. breaking down a molecule in small manageable steps.

10. What is oxidized in cellular respiration? What is reduced? In Cellular respiration glucose is being oxidized and oxygen is being reduced.

Read more: [|http://wiki.answers.com/Q/In_cellular_respiration_what_is_oxidized_what_is_reduced#ixzz1wacIxThK] 11. Enzymes: know the mechanics of an enzymatic reaction. How does an enzyme make reactions proceed more easily? Define substrate, active site, allosteric inhibition, allosteric activation, competitive inhibition.

// Enzymes work by changing the amount of activation energy needed by the reactants to overcome the activation energy barrier and enter a chemical reaction. // // Substrate: Reactant molecules that enzymes help to get together. Enzymes attract the substrates. // // Active site: Sites are pockets where substrates bind and where reactions proceed. // // Allosteric inhibition: Binding of an allosteric regulator alters the shape of the enzyme in a way that enhances or inhibits its function. // // Allosteric activation: The regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at the protein's allosteric site. // // Competitive inhibition: is a form of enzyme inhibition where binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate and vice versa.//

12. Know (and write) the peak pHs at which most enzymes operate.most enzymes work best at pH6-8 but pepsin,found only in the stomach fluid where it breaks down proteins in food, works outside of this range at about a pH 2

13. What are some conditions that can denature an enzyme (which is a protein most of the time)? Conditions that can denature an enzyme are temperature, ph level (acidity) and salinity. Also detergents can denature a protein.

14. What are cofactors? // A cofactor is a molecule or an ion that assists enzymes; it may carry electrons, hydrogen, or functional groups to other sites. //

15. What are coenzymes? Examples?organic atoms or molecules (other than proteins)

16. Where does oxygen get involved in Cellular Respiration? Oxygen gets involved in the third stage of cellular respiration during the electron transfer chain. Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport system

17. Name 4 actions an enzyme takes to help the reaction proceed. // 1. helps specific substrate molecules get together at their active site // // 2. help hold substrate molecules in the correct position // // 3. work by shutting out water molecules // // 4. induce a fit that helps to allow the substrate in to the active site, but then push it into place so that the reaction can proceed. //

18. Know the three stages of cellular respiration. (order)

19. For each stage, what is the starting reactant? The first stage of cellular respiration is called glycolysis. During glycolysis __glucose__ is broken down to two molecules of pyruvates.

The second stage of cellular respiration is the Kreb Cycle (Citirc Acid Cycle). During kreb cycle **__pyruvic acid__** is used to produce carbon dioxide, NADH, ATP and FADH2. The third stage of cellular respiration is the electron transport chain where NADH and FADH2 act as electron transporters.

20. Major products? // Major product is ATP. You must use ATP to have cellular respiration. //

21. Energy produced?

22. Accounting summary for Aerobic Respiration This is tricky!!! I only see the book refering to NADH and FADH2 together as enzymes in the electron transport chain. I looked on the internet and saw there are two ATP for each FADH2.
 * || How many ATP? || How many NADH? || NADH converted to how many ATP? || How many FADH2? || FADH2 converted to how many ATP? ||
 * Glycolysis || 2 || 2 NAD+ || 4 (2 net) ||  ||   ||
 * Krebs || 2 || 8 || 2 || 2 ||  ||
 * Electron Transport Chain || 34 || 10 || 28 || 2 || 4 ||
 * Totals (ATP) || 36 (38-the initial 2) ||  || 32 (34 minus the initial 2) ||   || 4 ||

23. How many ATP utilized to transport NADH into mitochondrion? // 5? // So, overall NET ATP? // 36 //

24. Explain the electron transport system.

25. Please explain the above process, using as much detail as you can. (hey, a lot of the detail is right there, so you explaining it is most of the points!) // This is complex!I am paraphrasing from the workbook, since I do NOT have this memorized-. I did watch a great youtube video on it though. The enzymes transfering the electrons were amazing, going back and forth, back and forth, all the day long.... - Lynne // Electron Transfer Phosphylation, the third stage of cellular respiration is also known as Oxidative Phosporylation or Electron Transport Chain.

This occurs along the inner mitochandrial membrane. The coenzyme carrier molecules, NADH and FADH2 deliver the Hydrogen atoms to specialized enzymes that will remove elections and use the potential energy to produce ATP molecules.

// Inside the mitochondrian, the energy stored in NADH is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane and the energy of the proton gradient is used to make ATP. (melissa) //